Energy consumption in networks on chip : efficiency and scaling

Computer architecture design is in a new era where performance is increased by replicating processing cores on a chip rather than making CPUs larger and faster. This design strategy is motivated by the superior energy efficiency of the multi-core architecture compared to the traditional monolithic CPU. If the trend continues as expected, the number of cores on a chip is predicted to grow exponentially over time as the density of transistors on a die increases. A major challenge to the efficiency of multi-core chips is the energy used for communication among cores over a Network on Chip (NoC). As the number of cores increases, this energy also increases, imposing serious constraints on design and performance of both applications and architectures. Therefore, understanding the impact of different design choices on NoC power and energy consumption is crucial to the success of the multi- and many-core designs. This dissertation proposes methods for modeling and optimizing energy consumption in multi- and many-core chips, with special focus on the energy used for communication on the NoC. We present a number of tools and models to optimize energy consumption and model its scaling behavior as the number of cores increases. We use synthetic traffic patterns and full system simulations to test and validate our methods. Finally, we take a step back and look at the evolution of computer hardware in the last 40 years and, using a scaling theory from biology, present a predictive theory for power-performance scaling in microprocessor systems

Implementação de um provador de teoremas por resolução para lógicas modais normais

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2013.Neste trabalho apresentamos a implementação de um provador de teoremas para sistemas da lógica modal normal para múltiplos agentes, baseado na técnica de resolução modal publicada por Nalon and Dixon [2007]. Ao contrário das demais abordagens de prova por resolução na lógica modal, onde as regras de inferência são elaboradas para uso em um sistema em particular (por exemplo, K, S4, S5), o método de resolução usado como base para a implementação apresentada se concentra nas restrições impostas às relações de acessibilidade entre mundos para cada sistema modal. Portanto, temos regras de inferência específicas para sistemas seriais, reflexivos, simétricos, transitivos e euclidianos, além de um conjunto de regras de inferência válidas em toda a classe de sistemas modais normais. Desta forma, a implementação torna-se abrangente, por conseguir lidar com diversos sistemas modais através da combinação das regras de inferência mencionadas, e expansível, pois basta implementar novas regras de inferência que capturem outra restrição nas relações de acessibilidade para aumentarmos a abrangência do cálculo, sem prejudicar a correção e completude dos resultados para os sistemas que já estavam cobertos. O programa apresentado, escrito na linguagem C++, efetua o cálculo de prova para os quinze sistemas modais normais definidos pelas diferentes combinações dos axiomas Di, Ti, Bi, 4i e 5i, incluindo sistemas como K(n), D(n), T(n), B(n), S4(n) e S5(n), onde o índice (n) representa a versão multi-agente de um sistema. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIn this work we present an implementation of a theorem prover for multi-agent normal modal logic systems, based on the modal resolution technique published by Nalon and Dixon [2007]. Differently from other approaches for resolution proof systems or methods in modal logic, where inference rules are developed for use in a particular system e.g. K, S4 or S5, the resolution method used as a basis for the implementation presented here focuses on the restrictions imposed on the accessibility relations between worlds for each modal system. Thus, we have specific inference rules for serial, reflexive, symmetric, transitive and Euclidean systems, as well as a set of inference rules for every normal modal system. Therefore, the implementation becomes comprehensive, since it can deal with several modal systems by combination of the inference rules mentioned above; and extensible, since we only need to implement new inference rules which capture another restriction in the accessibility relations to increase the range of systems included in the calculus, without compromising the soundness and completeness of the results for modal systems already covered before. The presented program, coded in the C++ language, automatically produces proofs for the fifteen distinct normal modal systems defined by the different combinations of the axioms Di, Ti, Bi, 4i and 5i, including systems like K(n), D(n), T(n), B(n), S4(n) and S5(n), where the (n) index indicates a multi-agent version of a system

Staring into the abyss: An evaluation of concurrency control with one thousand cores

Computer architectures are moving towards an era dominated by many-core machines with dozens or even hundreds of cores on a single chip. This unprecedented level of on-chip parallelism introduces a new dimension to scalability that current database management systems (DBMSs) were not designed for. In particular, as the number of cores increases, the problem of concurrency control becomes extremely challenging. With hundreds of threads running in parallel, the complexity of coordinating competing accesses to data will likely diminish the gains from increased core counts. To better understand just how unprepared current DBMSs are for future CPU architectures, we performed an evaluation of concurrency control for on-line transaction processing (OLTP) workloads on many-core chips. We implemented seven concurrency control algorithms on a main-memory DBMS and using computer simulations scaled our system to 1024 cores. Our analysis shows that all algorithms fail to scale to this magnitude but for different reasons. In each case, we identify fundamental bottlenecks that are independent of the particular database implementation and argue that even state-of-the-art DBMSs suffer from these limitations. We conclude that rather than pursuing incremental solutions, many-core chips may require a completely redesigned DBMS architecture that is built from ground up and is tightly coupled with the hardware.Intel Corporation (Science and Technology Center for Big Data

A importância da evangelização para nossa geração e para as gerações futuras, até a volta de Cristo

RESUMO A evangelização nos revela o grande amor de Deus para com a humanidade, Deus este que busca restaurar o homem decaído, dando-lhe uma nova perspectiva de vida através do anúncio de boas novas. A revelação do amor de Deus é para todos os povos, para que estes venham chegar-se a Ele, para o louvor e glória de seu nome. E para esta missão Ele chamou homens e mulheres que estejam dispostos a ouvir e servi-lo como embaixadores para as nações, onde houver uma oportunidade que estes o sirvam para agregar o maior número de pessoas para o rebanho do Senhor, o Messias. Não se podem estabelecer restrições, pois o evangelho não se limita a grupos ou posições políticas; o evangelho atende as necessidades de um modo em geral, transformando vidas por onde quer que ele seja anunciado. Jesus foi e continuará sendo o melhor exemplo de marco na história da humanidade, que possamos seguir o exemplo d’Ele, que onde passarmos, vidas sejam alcançadas, pessoas sejam restauradas, tudo para o louvor, a honra e a glória de seu nome. Palavras-chave: Evangelização. Amor de Deus. Restaurar. Messias. Louvor. ABSTRACT Evangelization represents the great love God has towards mankind, as God tries to rescue the fallen man by giving him a new life perspective with the announcement of good news. The revelation of God’s love is for all peoples. in order to bring them closer to Him, to praise and glorify His name. For such mission He called men and women who are willing to hear and serve Him as ambassadors for the nations, wherever there is opportunity to bring more people for the congregation of Our Lord, the Messiah. There must be no restrictions, because the gospel is not limited to groups or political positions. It meets the needs in a general way, by transforming lives wherever it is annouced. Jesus was and will keep being the best example of a milestone in human history. May we follow His example, and wherever we go may lives be touched and people be rescued to praise, honor and glorify His name. Keywords: Evangelization. God’s Love. Rescue. Messiah. Praise. RESUMEN La evangelización nos revela el gran amor de Dios hacia la humanidad, ese mismo Dios que busca rescatar al hombre caído al anunciarle una vida mejor. La revelación del amor de Dios se extiende a todos los pueblos, para que se acerquen a Él en el loor y gloria de su nombre. Para esa misión, convoca a hombres y mujeres dispuestos a oírlo y servirlo como embajadores dondequiera que haya la posibilidad de agregar personas para el rebaño del Señor, el Mesías. No se deben establecer restricciones, pues el evangelio no se limita a grupos o posturas políticas; atiende necesidades de manera general, transforma vidas en donde sea anunciado. Jesús fue y continuará siendo un marco en la historia de la humanidad; que su ejemplo permita, por doquier, que vidas sean alcanzadas, personas sean rescatadas, todo eso para el loor, el honor y la gloria de su nombre. Palabras-clave: Evangelización. Amor a Dios. Rescate. Mesías. Alabanzas al Señor

CT angiography helps to differentiate acute from chronic carotid occlusion: the "carotid ring sign”

Introduction: Currently, there is no reliable method to differentiate acute from chronic carotid occlusion. We propose a novel CTA-based method to differentiate acute from chronic carotid occlusions that could potentially aid clinical management of patients. Methods: We examined 72 patients with 89 spontaneously occluded extracranial internal carotids with CT angiography (CTA). All occlusions were confirmed by another imaging modality and classified as acute (imaging 4weeks), based on circumstantial clinical and radiological evidence. A neuroradiologist and a neurologist blinded to clinical information determined the site of occlusion on axial sections of CTA. They also looked for (a) hypodensity in the carotid artery (thrombus), (b) contrast within the carotid wall (vasa vasorum), (c) the site of the occluded carotid, and (d) the "carotid ring sign” (defined as presence of a and/or b). Results: Of 89 occluded carotids, 24 were excluded because of insufficient circumstantial evidence to determine timing of occlusion, 4 because of insufficient image quality, and 3 because of subacute timing of occlusion. Among the remaining 45 acute and 13 chronic occlusions, inter-rater agreement (kappa) for the site of proximal occlusion was 0.88, 0.45 for distal occlusion, 0.78 for luminal hypodensity, 0.82 for wall contrast, and 0.90 for carotid ring sign. The carotid ring sign had 88.9% sensitivity, 69.2% specificity, and 84.5% accuracy to diagnose acute occlusion. Conclusion: The carotid ring sign helps to differentiate acute from chronic carotid occlusion. If further confirmed, this information may be helpful in studying ischemic symptoms and selecting treatment strategies in patients with carotid occlusion

AVALIAÇÃO COMPARATIVA DA QUALIDADE DOS DADOS DE ELEVAÇÃO OBTIDOS COM GNSS, GOOGLE EARTH E SRTM PARA PROJETOS RODOVIÁRIOS

Obtaining terrain elevation data is essential for numerous engineering applications. However, regardless of the technique used to obtain the elevation data, there will be errors intrinsic to the instruments and to the measurement technique used, as well as depending on the model of Earth representation, which are plane, spherical or ellipsoidal. In this perspective, this work proposes a comparative approach between the elevation data obtained from the geodesic coordinates, provided by GNSS, and those obtained from Google Earth (GE) and SRTM. The case included data collection carried out in the urban section between km 125 to km 145,500 of Dom Pedro-I Highway (SP-065), located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The quality of the results is evaluated based on the Mean Quadratic Error (RMSE). The main results showed that the elevation data obtained through the SRTM show greater agreement or adjustment to the GNSS data when compared to the higher quality and less variation than those obtained through the GE, since they have smaller RMSE and are closer to the average elevations calculated for the highway segment analyzed.A obtenção de dados de elevação do terreno é imprescindível para inúmeras aplicações de engenharia. Entretanto, independentemente da técnica utilizada para a obtenção dos dados de elevação, existirão erros intrínsecos aos instrumentos e à própria técnica de mensuração empregada, bem como em função do modelo de representação da Terra, quais sejam plano, esférico ou elipsoidal. Nesta perspectiva, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem comparativa entre os dados de elevação obtidos a partir das coordenadas geodésicas, fornecidas pelo GNSS, e aqueles obtidos do Google Earth (GE) e do SRTM. O estudo de caso contemplou a coleta de dados realizada no trecho urbano compreendido entre o km 125,0 ao km 145,5 da Rodovia Dom Pedro-I (SP-065), localizada no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A qualidade dos resultados é avaliada com base no Erro Médio Quadrático (RMSE). Os principais resultados apontaram que os dados de elevação obtidos por meio do SRTM apresentam maior concordância ou ajuste aos dados GNSS quando comparados ao GE, visto que possuem RMSE menores e se aproximarem mais das elevações médias calculadas para o trecho da rodovia analisada

Brucella ovis in sheep : seropositivity and risk factors

Realizou-se um levantamento sorológico de Brucella ovis em ovinos do Estado de Sergipe, com o objetivo de determinar a positividade e a distribuição da infecção em propriedades rurais e analisar os possíveis fatores associados à infecção. Foram analisadas 54 propriedades criadoras de ovinos, das quais foram colhidas 932 amostras de soro sanguíneo de animais com idade superior a seis meses, nas três regiões do Estado. Todos os soros foram examinados por Imunodifusão em Gel de Agar (IDGA). De acordo com o teste realizado, 46,30% (25/54) das propriedades apresentaram evidência sorológica de infecção por B. ovis, com uma positividade de 4,40% (41/932) dos animais. Como fatores associados à infecção por B. ovis, observaram-se a presença de tratador de ovinos (OR=2,31) e propriedades com área superior a 50 ha (OR=1,98) e como fator de proteção, a utilização de cabanha (OR=0,37). Assim, verificou-se a presença de anticorpos contra Brucella ovis nos ovinos do Estado e salienta-se a importância de estudos complementares para determinação de medidas sanitárias específicas para prevenir os rebanhos desta enfermidade.Seroepidemiological study of Brucella ovis in sheep from Sergipe State was carried out to determine the seropositivity and infection distribution in rural properties and possible factors associated with infection. A total of 54 sheep properties were studied and 932 blood serum samples from animals older than six months were collected in the three regions of Sergipe State. All sera samples were examined by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). According to the serological tests, 46.30% (25/54) of the properties had serologic evidence of infection by B. ovis, with 4.40% of positive animals (41/932). Presence of sheep handler (OR=2.31) and properties with an area bigger than 50 ha (OR=1.98) were observed as factors associated with B. ovis infection, whereas the use of stall (OR=0.37) worked as a protective factor (OR=0.40). Thus, the presence of antibodies against B. ovis in Sergipe State was confirmed, and it highlights the importance of complementary studies to determine the specific health measures in herds to prevent this disease

Patrón espacio-tiempo de mortalidad del Sida

Objective: to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of AIDS mortality. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive study, which evaluated 959 aids deaths reported through the Mortality Information System. The temporal trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint Regression Program, version 4.6.0.0, and the Scan scanning was used to evaluate the formation of purely spatial clusters of deaths, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: most deaths occurred among males (71.1%), with seven years of schooling or less (79.6%), of pardo race (72.2%) and age group from 30 to 39 years (69.2%). There was a statistically significant increase in AIDS mortality of 5.2% per year (p<0.001; 95% CI: 1.0-9.5). The spatial scanning pointed to a statistically significant cluster of deaths (p<0.0001), which covered 18 municipalities, including Oeiras, Parnaíba and those in the metropolitan region of Teresina. Conclusion: the analysis of temporal and spatial trends showed a significant increased mortality over the period studied, as well as the presence of a cluster of deaths that covered 18 municipalities, including Teresina, Oeiras and Parnaíba.Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal da mortalidade por aids. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, que avaliou 959 óbitos por Aids notificados por meio do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Analisou-se a tendência temporal por meio do software Joinpoint Regression Program, versão 4.6.0.0, e a varredura Scan foi empregada para avaliar a formação de clusters puramente espaciais de óbitos, considerando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: verifica-se que a maioria das mortes ocorreu entre indivíduos do sexo masculino (71,1%), com sete anos de estudo ou menos (79,6%), de raça parda (72,2%) e faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (69,2%). Registrou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo da mortalidade por Aids de 5,2% ao ano (p<0,001; IC95%: 1,0-9,5). Observa-se que a varredura espacial apontou para um cluster de óbitos estatisticamente significativo (p<0,0001), que abrangeu 18 municípios, incluindo Oeiras, Parnaíba e os da região metropolitana de Teresina. Conclusão: nota-se que a análise das tendências temporal e espacial demonstrou um aumento significativo da mortalidade ao longo do período estudado, bem como a presença de um aglomerado de óbitos que abrangeu 18 municípios, incluindo Teresina, Oeiras e Parnaíba.Objetivo: analizar la distribución espacio-temporal de la mortalidad por SIDA. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo que evaluó 959 muertes por SIDA reportadas a través del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. La tendencia temporal se analizó utilizando el software Joinpoint Regression Program, versión 4.6.0.0, y el escaneo Scan se utilizó para evaluar la formación de grupos puramente espaciales de muertes, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: se verificó que la mayoría de las muertes ocurrieron entre los varones (71,1%), con siete años de escolaridad o menos (79,6%), de raza parda (72,2%) y grupos de edad de 30 a 39 años (69,2%). Hubo un aumento estadísticamente significativo de la mortalidad por SIDA del 5,2% anual (p<0.001; IC del 95%: 1,0-9,5). Se observó que el escaneo espacial apuntaba a un grupo estadísticamente significativo de muertes (p<0.0001), que abarcaba 18 municipios, incluyendo Oeiras, Parnaíba y los de la región metropolitana de Teresina. Conclusión: se observa que el análisis de las tendencias temporales y espaciales mostró un aumento significativo de la mortalidad durante el período estudiado, así como la presencia de un grupo de muertes que abarcó 18 municipios, entre ellos Teresina, Oeiras y Parnaíba.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Influence of the social determinants on the incidence of aids in Piauí: an ecological study

Objective: to identify the social factors that determine the incidence of aids in the Piauí territory. Method: an ecological study that uses geoprocessing techniques in which 2,908 aids cases of individuals residing in Piauí were considered, notified to the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN), from 2007 to 2015. Gross and Bayesian incidence rates were calculated using the population of the central year (2011), multiplied by 100,000 inhabitants, with Bayesian statistics used to identify spatial clusters. The non-spatial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) and spatial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) regression models were used to identify the social determinants of the incidence of aids in the state, with 5% of significance. Results: the highest rates of the disease are concentrated in cities near the capital Teresina, with a Bayesian incidence of over 11.27 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The predictor variables of the incidence of ADIS in Piauí cities were the following: the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls (p=0.0139), the mean number of residents per household (p=0.0309), and the percentage of individuals in households vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school (p=0.0051). Conclusion: according to GWR, the social factors that influence the incidence of aids in the cities of Piauí are the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls, the mean number of residents per household, and the percentage of individuals in houses vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school. Given the above, interventions on the health social determinants of a structural nature should be established as effective methods for the prevention of HIV/ aids.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio